We didn't get here without a little help!
We didn't get here without a little help!
Research Material
The studies listed here come from my annotated bibliography surrounding GLP-1 Research and represent the most influential research behind this outreach project. They explain how GLP-1s work, what benefits they offer, and how newer dual and triple agonists compare. Sources are referenced throughout this project accordingly.
Ahrén, B., & Foley, J. E. (2016). Improved glucose regulation in type 2 diabetic patients with DPP-4 inhibitors: Focus on alpha and beta cell function and lipid metabolism. Diabetologia, 59(5), 907–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-3899-2
Alfaris, N., Waldrop, S., Johnson, V., Boaventura, B., Kendrick, K., & Stanford, F. C. (2024). GLP-1 single, dual, and triple receptor agonists for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity: A narrative review. eClinicalMedicine, 75, 102782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102782
Campbell, J. E., & Drucker, D. J. (2013). Pharmacology, Physiology, and Mechanisms of Incretin Hormone Action. Cell Metabolism, 17(6), 819–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.008
Chiang, C.-H., Jaroenlapnopparat, A., Colak, S. C., Yu, C.-C., Xanthavanij, N., Wang, T.-H., See, X. Y., Lo, S.-W., Ko, A., Chang, Y.-C., Song, J., Hsia, Y. P., & Chiang, C.-H. (2025). Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Gastrointestinal Adverse Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterology. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2025.06.003
Cornell, S. (2020). A review of GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A focus on the mechanism of action of once-weekly agents. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 45(S1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.13230
Davies, M. J., Aroda, V. R., Collins, B. S., Gabbay, R. A., Green, J., Maruthur, N. M., Rosas, S. E., Del Prato, S., Mathieu, C., Mingrone, G., Rossing, P., Tankova, T., Tsapas, A., & Buse, J. B. (2022). Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care, 45(11), 2753–2786. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci22-0034
Efficacy of DPP‐4 inhibitors, GLP‐1 analogues, and SGLT2 inhibitors as add‐ons to metformin monotherapy in T2DM patients: A model‐based meta‐analysis—Inoue—2019—British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology—Wiley Online Library. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2025, from https://bpspubs-onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libproxy.umassd.edu/doi/full/10.1111/bcp.13807
Falkentoft, A. C., Andersen, J., Malik, M. E., Selmer, C., Gæde, P. H., Staehr, P. B., Hlatky, M. A., Fosbøl, E., Køber, L., Torp-Pedersen, C., Gislason, G. H., Gerds, T. A., Schou, M., Bruun, N. E., & Ruwald, A.-C. (2022a). Impact of socioeconomic position on initiation of SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes – a Danish nationwide observational study. The Lancet Regional Health – Europe, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100308
Falkentoft, A. C., Andersen, J., Malik, M. E., Selmer, C., Gæde, P. H., Staehr, P. B., Hlatky, M. A., Fosbøl, E., Køber, L., Torp-Pedersen, C., Gislason, G. H., Gerds, T. A., Schou, M., Bruun, N. E., & Ruwald, A.-C. (2022b). Impact of socioeconomic position on initiation of SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes – a Danish nationwide observational study. The Lancet Regional Health – Europe, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100308
Filippatos, T. D., Panagiotopoulou, T. V., & Elisaf, M. S. (2014). Adverse Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. The Review of Diabetic Studies : RDS, 11(3), 202–230. https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2014.11.202
Frías, J. P., Davies, M. J., Rosenstock, J., Pérez Manghi, F. C., Fernández Landó, L., Bergman, B. K., Liu, B., Cui, X., & Brown, K. (2021). Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 385(6), 503–515. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107519
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) signalling in the brain: From neural circuits and metabolism to therapeutics—Kabahizi—2022—British Journal of Pharmacology—Wiley Online Library. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2025, from https://bpspubs-onlinelibrary-wiley-com.libproxy.umassd.edu/doi/full/10.1111/bph.15682
Inoue, H., Tamaki, Y., Kashihara, Y., Muraki, S., Kakara, M., Hirota, T., & Ieiri, I. (2019). Efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 analogues, and SGLT2 inhibitors as add-ons to metformin monotherapy in T2DM patients: A model-based meta-analysis. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 85(2), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13807
Jastreboff, A. M., Kaplan, L. M., Frías, J. P., Wu, Q., Du, Y., Gurbuz, S., Coskun, T., Haupt, A., Milicevic, Z., & Hartman, M. L. (2023). Triple–Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity—A Phase 2 Trial. New England Journal of Medicine, 389(6), 514–526. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2301972
Kabahizi, A., Wallace, B., Lieu, L., Chau, D., Dong, Y., Hwang, E.-S., & Williams, K. W. (2022a). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) signalling in the brain: From neural circuits and metabolism to therapeutics. British Journal of Pharmacology, 179(4), 600–624. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15682
Kabahizi, A., Wallace, B., Lieu, L., Chau, D., Dong, Y., Hwang, E.-S., & Williams, K. W. (2022b). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) signalling in the brain: From neural circuits and metabolism to therapeutics. British Journal of Pharmacology, 179(4), 600–624. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15682
Liu, Q. K. (2024). Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 15, 1431292. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1431292
Marre, M., Shaw, J., Brändle, M., Bebakar, W. M. W., Kamaruddin, N. A., Strand, J., Zdravkovic, M., Le Thi, T. D., & Colagiuri, S. (2009). Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks produces greater improvements in glycaemic and weight control compared with adding rosiglitazone or placebo in subjects with Type 2 diabetes (LEAD-1 SU). Diabetic Medicine, 26(3), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02666.x
Michos, E. D., Lopez‐Jimenez, F., & Gulati, M. (2023). Role of Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 Receptor Agonists in Achieving Weight Loss and Improving Cardiovascular Outcomes in People With Overweight and Obesity. Journal of the American Heart Association, 12(11), e029282. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.122.029282
Mousavi, A., Shojaei, S., Soleimani, H., Semirani-Nezhad, D., Ebrahimi, P., Zafari, A., Ebrahimi, R., Roozbehi, K., Harrison, A., Syed, M. A., Kuno, T., Askari, M. K., Almandoz, J. P., Jun, J., & Hosseini, K. (2025). Safety, efficacy, and cardiovascular benefits of combination therapy with SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 17, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-025-01635-6
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. (2021). New England Journal of Medicine, 385(1), e4. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2106918
Papakonstantinou, I., Tsioufis, K., & Katsi, V. (2024). Spotlight on the Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 46(12), 14514–14541. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46120872
Polonsky, W. H., Arora, R., Faurby, M., Fernandes, J., & Liebl, A. (2022). Higher Rates of Persistence and Adherence in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Initiating Once-Weekly vs Daily Injectable Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in US Clinical Practice (STAY Study). Diabetes Therapy, 13(1), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-021-01189-6
Ryan, D. H., Lingvay, I., Deanfield, J., Kahn, S. E., Barros, E., Burguera, B., Colhoun, H. M., Cercato, C., Dicker, D., Horn, D. B., Hovingh, G. K., Jeppesen, O. K., Kokkinos, A., Lincoff, A. M., Meyhöfer, S. M., Oral, T. K., Plutzky, J., van Beek, A. P., Wilding, J. P. H., & Kushner, R. F. (2024). Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. Nature Medicine, 30(7), 2049–2057. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02996-7
Sallam, M., Snygg, J., Ghandour, S. E., & Sallam, M. (2025). Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide for Weight Management in Non-Diabetic Obese Individuals: A Narrative Review. Obesities, 5(2), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5020026
Tan, H. C., Dampil, O. A., & Marquez, M. M. (2022). Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Obesity Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies, 37(2), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.15605/jafes.037.02.14
Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes | New England Journal of Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2025, from https://www-nejm-org.libproxy.umassd.edu/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2107519
Trujillo, J. M., Nuffer, W., & Smith, B. A. (2021). GLP-1 receptor agonists: An updated review of head-to-head clinical studies. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12, 2042018821997320. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018821997320
Uzoigwe, C., Liang, Y., Whitmire, S., & Paprocki, Y. (2021). Semaglutide Once-Weekly Persistence and Adherence Versus Other GLP-1 RAs in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in a US Real-World Setting. Diabetes Therapy, 12(5), 1475–1489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-021-01053-7
Yao, H., Zhang, A., Delong, L., Wu, Y., Wang, C.-Z., Jin-Yi, W., & Chun-Su, Y. (2024). Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ : British Medical Journal (Online), 384, e076410. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-076410
Yepes-Cortés, C. A., Cardenas-Moreno, I. C., Daza-Arnedo, R., Feriz-Bonelo, K. M., Yama-Mosquera, E., Ramirez-Rincón, A. H., Castillo-Barrios, G. A., Suarez-Rodriguez, A. F., Carreño-Jiménez, J., & Builes-Montaño, C. E. (2025). Combining GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review and Expert Insights for Clinical Practice Utilizing the Nominal Group Technique. Diabetes Therapy, 16(5), 813–849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-025-01722-x
Zhang, Q., Delessa, C. T., Augustin, R., Bakhti, M., Colldén, G., Drucker, D. J., Feuchtinger, A., Caceres, C. G., Grandl, G., Harger, A., Herzig, S., Hofmann, S., Holleman, C. L., Jastroch, M., Keipert, S., Kleinert, M., Knerr, P. J., Kulaj, K., Legutko, B., … Müller, T. D. (2021). The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) regulates body weight and food intake via CNS-GIPR signaling. Cell Metabolism, 33(4), 833-844.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.015